1840 – Willem II becomes King of the Netherlands.1828 – Morea expedition: The city of Patras, Greece, is liberated by the French expeditionary force.1826 – The Granite Railway begins operations as the first chartered railway in the U.S.1800 – French corsair Robert Surcouf, commander of the 18-gun ship La Confiance, captures the British 38-gun Kent.1780 – American Revolutionary War: American militia defeat royalist irregulars led by British major Patrick Ferguson in South Carolina.1777 – American Revolutionary War: The Americans defeat the British in the Second Battle of Saratoga, also known as the Battle of Bemis Heights.1763 – King George III issues the Royal Proclamation of 1763, closing Indigenous lands in North America north and west of the Alleghenies to white settlements.1691 – The charter for the Province of Massachusetts Bay is issued.1571 – The Battle of Lepanto is fought, and the Ottoman Navy suffers its first defeat.1513 – War of the League of Cambrai: Spain defeats Venice.1477 – Uppsala University is inaugurated after receiving its corporate rights from Pope Sixtus IV in February the same year.1403 – Venetian–Genoese wars: The Genoese fleet under a French admiral is defeated by a Venetian fleet at the Battle of Modon.3761 BC – The epoch reference date epoch (origin) of the modern Hebrew calendar.
